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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Starrer Rotator</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>Starre Rotator</b> ist ein ideales <a href="Modell" title="Modell">Modell</a> der <a href="Mechanik" title="Mechanik">Mechanik</a>, welches zur Beschreibung von <a href="Rotation_(Physik)" title="Rotation (Physik)">rotierenden</a> <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Physik)" title="Körper (Physik)">Körpern</a> genutzt wird. Bei diesem Modell drehen sich zwei oder mehrere <a href="Massenpunkt" title="Massenpunkt">Massenpunkte</a> eines Körpers in einem jeweils festen Abstand um eine <a href="Haupttr%C3%A4gheitsachse" title="Hauptträgheitsachse">Hauptträgheitsachse</a>. Zur Beschreibung im dreidimensionalen Raum werden üblicherweise drei unterschiedliche Hauptträgheitsachsen mit den <a href="Tr%C3%A4gheitsmoment" title="Trägheitsmoment">Trägheitsmomenten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{a}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83b5cb24870dadbb0efdf2e6d864ef853a0f1f89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.125ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5468195bb8c7d158a80efe38ceadcdb2b8fe4d4e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.961ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{b}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{c}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{c}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7463de5fff5fee0c540ac1d8cd1aca43f4852c65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.967ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{c}}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert, welche als Konvention üblicherweise in der hier genannten Reihenfolge zunehmen.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linearer_starrer_Rotator">Linearer starrer Rotator</h2></div>

<p>Beim linearen Starren Rotator besteht der Körper aus zwei oder mehreren linear angeordneten Massepunkten, die einen jeweils festen Abstand zum Massenschwerpunkt haben. Die Rotationsachse verläuft durch den Massenschwerpunkt. Beispiele für derartig aufgebaute <a href="Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül">Moleküle</a> sind das <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoffmolekül</a> oder <a href="Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid">Kohlenstoffdioxid</a>. Das
Trägheitsmoment <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> für diese Rotation berechnet sich <a href="Klassische_Physik" title="Klassische Physik">klassisch</a> nach der <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=\sum _{i}m_{i}r_{i}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</munder>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I=\sum _{i}m_{i}r_{i}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62ebff911506a36540677baab2a84e659ebba1fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.955ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=\sum _{i}m_{i}r_{i}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei oftmals anstatt der Summe der Massenpunkte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95ec8e804f69706d3f5ad235f4f983220c8df7c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den jeweiligen Abständen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0b6d651eaf432dbf1f106021c8bb499ae83fd1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.848ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Drehachse, die <a href="Reduzierte_Masse" title="Reduzierte Masse">reduzierte Masse</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> der beiden Massen genutzt wird.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=\mu r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I=\mu r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f5aa124a8f7b0c2db52539c6f07864957e1cd55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.775ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=\mu r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Eine Besonderheit beim linearen Starren Rotator ist, dass das Trägheitsmoment der Hauptträgheitsachse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83b5cb24870dadbb0efdf2e6d864ef853a0f1f89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.125ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> null beträgt. Hieraus folgt, dass dieser Rotator mit den zwei identischen Trägheitsmomenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{b}=I_{c}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{b}=I_{c}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d2400729fab238513fa51038fb96546f345a0e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{b}=I_{c}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben werden kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassische_Berechnung_der_Energie">Klassische Berechnung der Energie</h3></div>
<p>Bei einer klassischen Betrachtung des Starren Rotators entspricht die <a href="Gesamtenergie" title="Gesamtenergie">Gesamtenergie</a> der <a href="Rotationsenergie" title="Rotationsenergie">Rotationsenergie</a> des <a href="Physikalisches_System" title="Physikalisches System">Systems</a>. Diese hängt mit der <a href="Winkelgeschwindigkeit" title="Winkelgeschwindigkeit">Winkelgeschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e174c191a5ba3889c66597461ef260811cce0481.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.245ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> um die Hauptträgheitsachse des Trägheitsmoments <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d896cad5ad71ce7719175ca29d4d109333d4c320.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.823ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}I_{i}\omega _{i}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
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<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}I_{i}\omega _{i}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a560527df6cff3267d5a9aef62a4be6b4ae366f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.938ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}I_{i}\omega _{i}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zusammen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantenmechanische_Berechnung_der_Energie">Quantenmechanische Berechnung der Energie</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> wird der Starre Rotator durch eine <a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">Wellenfunktion</a> beschrieben. Die dazugehörigen <a href="Eigenfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenfunktion">Eigenfunktionen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{\mathrm {n} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
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</mrow>
</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{\mathrm {n} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a36d31a89f3e2bd823a24f0727dd050603888725.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.659ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{\mathrm {n} }}" loading="lazy"></span> und Energie<a href="Eigenwerte" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwerte">eigenwerte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {n} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {n} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53b3b4f8405899507a8271771e974d7480e4bee8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.861ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {n} }}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben sich durch die Lösung der stationären <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">Schrödingergleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\psi _{\mathrm {n} }-E_{\mathrm {n} }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\psi _{\mathrm {n} }-E_{\mathrm {n} }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/361fb0970ab765e9d581585d508f509230b79b60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.345ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\psi _{\mathrm {n} }-E_{\mathrm {n} }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Da das Teilchen keinem <a href="Elektrisches_Potential" title="Elektrisches Potential">elektrischen Potential</a> ausgesetzt ist und nur <a href="Kinetische_Energie" title="Kinetische Energie">kinetische Energie</a> besitzt, lautet der Hamilton-Operator unter Benutzung des <a href="Laplaceoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplaceoperator">Laplaceoperators</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32769037c408874e1890f77554c65f39c523ebe2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta }" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu }}\Delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu }}\Delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8e3ecd1d5c4a92b873c986b8e0ce52e9bbbcb2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.985ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu }}\Delta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In <a href="Kugelkoordinaten" title="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</a> ausgedrückt ist der Laplaceoperator:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {\partial }{r^{2}\partial r}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}\sin(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\left(\sin(\theta )\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \phi ^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {\partial }{r^{2}\partial r}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}\sin(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\left(\sin(\theta )\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \phi ^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2f7558b429248cee0312c98d72db282d7b3ad96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:70.036ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {\partial }{r^{2}\partial r}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}\sin(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\left(\sin(\theta )\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \phi ^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Durch die Definition des Problems, dass die Massepunkte einen <b>starren</b> Abstand voneinander haben, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> keine Variable der Wellenfunktion, sondern ein durch die Problemstellung festgelegter unveränderlicher Parameter. Der Beitrag des ersten Summands des Laplaceoperators ist daher immer 0 und der Operator kann vereinfacht geschrieben werden als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\left[{\frac {1}{\sin(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\left(\sin(\theta )\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)+{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \phi ^{2}}}\right]={\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\Delta _{\theta ,\phi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\left[{\frac {1}{\sin(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\left(\sin(\theta )\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)+{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \phi ^{2}}}\right]={\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\Delta _{\theta ,\phi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1b792dd89ec4f5e34cc7c20eeffb4e5d1c4f26d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:64.246ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\left[{\frac {1}{\sin(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\left(\sin(\theta )\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)+{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}\cdot {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \phi ^{2}}}\right]={\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\Delta _{\theta ,\phi }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei steht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\theta ,\phi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\theta ,\phi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e4f5247615ddd4d02dd06133439c0c6e13a70ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.376ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\theta ,\phi }}" loading="lazy"></span> für den Winkelanteil des Laplaceoperators. Die Schrödingergleichung ist damit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}\Delta _{\theta ,\phi }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }-E_{\mathrm {n} }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}\Delta _{\theta ,\phi }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }-E_{\mathrm {n} }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02b1ced5413e4f53fb503b90c6c772d1105d3eb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.648ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}\Delta _{\theta ,\phi }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }-E_{\mathrm {n} }\psi _{\mathrm {n} }=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Sie wird durch die <a href="Kugelfl%C3%A4chenfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugelflächenfunktion">Kugelflächenfunktionen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi =Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi =Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/562442552d1750a3f0887f977615f13459fa8b5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.904ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi =Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den zugehörigen Eigenwerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -l(l+1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -l(l+1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f8f33be06ca5bfc016561c5ebf8977e8c23dce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.007ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -l(l+1)}" loading="lazy"></span> gelöst, so dass gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}l(l+1)Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )-E_{l,m}Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}l(l+1)Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )-E_{l,m}Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7161e514a62c50ad8e92996e6c6bf33213bfb57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:44.405ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}l(l+1)Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )-E_{l,m}Y_{l,m}(\theta ,\phi )=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw. umgestellt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{l,m}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}l(l+1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{l,m}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}l(l+1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46ad1f418fa4e31faa8e1ca6b080d7081203f2cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.817ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{l,m}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\cdot \mu r^{2}}}l(l+1)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{l,m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{l,m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e02d4347b4318c07ea1b814160befaa42367884e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.338ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{l,m}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind damit die quantenmechanischen Energieniveaus der Eigenfunktionen des starren Rotators. Das Energieniveau hängt nur von der Hauptrotations<a href="Quantenzahl" title="Quantenzahl">quantenzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span> ab, sofern mehrere Nebentrotationsquantenzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> existieren, sind die zugehörigen Zustände <a href="Entartung_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Entartung (Quantenmechanik)">entartet</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Andere_Darstellungen">Andere Darstellungen</h4></div>
<p>Durch Einführen der <a href="Rotationskonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationskonstante">Rotationskonstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}={\frac {h}{8\pi ^{2}c_{0}\mu r^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}={\frac {h}{8\pi ^{2}c_{0}\mu r^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89b8b89aeb0c740d8d36ab467ddbd78066b6664b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:14.815ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}={\frac {h}{8\pi ^{2}c_{0}\mu r^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und mit der Notation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> für die Hauptrotationsquantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich die oft gebräuchliche Form:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=hc_{0}{\tilde {B}}J(J+1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=hc_{0}{\tilde {B}}J(J+1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2e90ce08728a6bc5923874b13b47ddd1a3874a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.793ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=hc_{0}{\tilde {B}}J(J+1)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Damit können die in der <a href="Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie">Spektroskopie</a> üblichen Rotationsterme nach
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(J)={\frac {E}{hc_{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(J)={\frac {E}{hc_{0}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdeef6bc0f6c9240403213be25bba7679b288769.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.356ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(J)={\frac {E}{hc_{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sphärischer_Rotator"><span id="Sph.C3.A4rischer_Rotator"></span>Sphärischer Rotator</h2></div>

<p>Ein sphärischer Rotator liegt vor, wenn die Trägheitsmomente der Hauptträgheitsachsen identisch sind und somit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{a}=I_{b}=I_{c}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{a}=I_{b}=I_{c}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef33862cef61f5430e9e4a59689c6f2c9a0eca98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.25ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{a}=I_{b}=I_{c}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Hieraus kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Rotationsenergieniveaus analog zum linearen Rotator berechnet werden können. Ein Beispiel für einen solchen Rotator ist das <a href="Methan" title="Methan">Methanmolekül</a>. Da bei diesem Rotator kein permanentes <a href="Elektrisches_Dipolmoment" title="Elektrisches Dipolmoment">Dipolmoment</a> vorliegt, treten Übergänge in den Rotationsniveaus erst aufgrund von <a href="Zentrifugalkraft" title="Zentrifugalkraft">Zentrifugaldehnung</a> des Moleküls auf, da hierdurch ein permanentes Dipolmoment induziert wird (vgl. Abschnitt <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Auswahlregeln">Auswahlregeln</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zentrifugaldehnung">Zentrifugaldehnung</h3></div>
<p>Eine übliche Anpassung des Modells des Starren Rotators zum Beschreiben realer Systeme ist das Zulassen einer <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnung</a> der Abstände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die bei einer Rotation auftretende <a href="Zentrifugalkraft" title="Zentrifugalkraft">Zentrifugalkraft</a>. Die Korrektur erfolgt üblicherweise, indem eine von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängige Dehnungskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{J}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{J}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9a28bda8bac9c322dca51fa4b62823f3a2c07ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.197ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{J}}" loading="lazy"></span> eingeführt wird. Dadurch erhält man die erlaubten Rotationsenergieniveaus fortan durch die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=hc_{0}{\tilde {B}}J(J+1)-{\tilde {D}}_{J}J^{2}(J+1)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=hc_{0}{\tilde {B}}J(J+1)-{\tilde {D}}_{J}J^{2}(J+1)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbe218e5a0749f6949912803bdc2a2b7b75d8cda.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.748ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=hc_{0}{\tilde {B}}J(J+1)-{\tilde {D}}_{J}J^{2}(J+1)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Dehnungskonstante kann für zweiatomige Moleküle aus der Rotationskonstante und der <a href="Wellenzahl" title="Wellenzahl">Wellenzahl</a> der <a href="Grundschwingung" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundschwingung">Grundschwingung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\nu }}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\nu }}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/760305a6b118d437e7773dc5661a03e439c1f44d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.371ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\nu }}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{J}={\frac {4{\tilde {B}}^{3}}{{\tilde {\nu }}_{0}^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{J}={\frac {4{\tilde {B}}^{3}}{{\tilde {\nu }}_{0}^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bfb543acb0ba8c3f50bf337a0ec0a03449a1ad7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:11.112ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{J}={\frac {4{\tilde {B}}^{3}}{{\tilde {\nu }}_{0}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bestimmt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symmetrischer_Rotator">Symmetrischer Rotator</h2></div>


<p>Symmetrische Rotatoren zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass die Trägheitsmomente von je zwei Hauptträgheitsachsen identisch sind. Im Fall von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{a}=I_{b}<I_{c}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{a}=I_{b}&lt;I_{c}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f079ed66da531458122fcd5ef5ed22fc26095cf8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.25ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{a}=I_{b}<I_{c}}" loading="lazy"></span> spricht man von einem flachen und bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{a}<I_{b}=I_{c}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{a}&lt;I_{b}=I_{c}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2db7035eb167f43979748278c0e9348a12cfc34c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.25ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{a}<I_{b}=I_{c}}" loading="lazy"></span> von einem spitzen symmetrischen Rotator. Da nur noch zwei Hauptträgheitsmomente identisch sind, wird für die Rotationsterme eine weitere Rotationsquantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> analog zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> in der Kugelflächenfunktion benötigt.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(J,K)={\tilde {B}}J(J+1)-(X-Y)K^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(J,K)={\tilde {B}}J(J+1)-(X-Y)K^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71a940aa31a4a6e57be11388ad773ba6ee08a63a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.13ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(J,K)={\tilde {B}}J(J+1)-(X-Y)K^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei einem spitzen symmetrischen Rotator entspricht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> der Rotationskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54892b151b64cfb8022a6953a5bf89bf82757b4e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8718f34f831a60f29ec45af658fba7b7c8b5de05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, während bei einem flachen symmetrischen Rotator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> der Rotationskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6a6cd59dc665a44d38e9e88c63b1740c0ab0984.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht.
Die Energieniveaus eines symmetrischen Rotators können aus den Rotationstermen beziehungsweise analog zum linearen Rotator durch Anwenden des Hamiltonoperators auf die Schrödingergleichung gewonnen werden. Dies führt für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c48b9b9c850a3fbc0f91c0e5406c9b7b9c05d5a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.327ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> zu der Lösung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {J^{2}}{2\cdot I_{b}}}+J_{a}^{2}\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{a}}}-{\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{b}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {J^{2}}{2\cdot I_{b}}}+J_{a}^{2}\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{a}}}-{\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{b}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec280572403eb6c1bc900c62051ea607ae0565d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:34.023ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {J^{2}}{2\cdot I_{b}}}+J_{a}^{2}\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{a}}}-{\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{b}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für den spitzen beziehungsweise
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {J^{2}}{2\cdot I_{b}}}+J_{c}^{2}\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{c}}}-{\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{b}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {J^{2}}{2\cdot I_{b}}}+J_{c}^{2}\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{c}}}-{\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{b}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/806e67e833b92530c494ea0c1c68314a493676e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:33.865ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {J^{2}}{2\cdot I_{b}}}+J_{c}^{2}\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{c}}}-{\frac {1}{2\cdot I_{b}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für den flachen symmetrischen Rotator.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asymmetrischer_Rotator">Asymmetrischer Rotator</h2></div>

<p>Beim asymmetrischen Rotator unterscheiden sich die Trägheitsmomente aller Hauptträgheitsachsen voneinander. Dies führt dazu, dass es keine allgemein gültigen Formeln zur Berechnung der Energieniveaus bei quantenmechanischer Betrachtung gibt, für bestimmte Rotationquantenzahlen existieren jedoch exakte Formeln.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klassisch kann die Energie weiterhin über die Hauptträgheitsmomente und den Winkelgeschwindigkeiten berechnet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auswahlregeln">Auswahlregeln</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Auswahlregeln" class="mw-redirect" title="Auswahlregeln">Auswahlregeln</a></i></div>
<p>Die Übergänge der Energieniveaus eines Starren Rotators folgen bestimmten Regeln, den sogenannten Auswahlregeln. Die Änderung der Rotationsenergieniveaus durch <a href="Spontane_Emission" title="Spontane Emission">Emission</a> oder <a href="Absorption_(Physik)" title="Absorption (Physik)">Absorption</a> von <a href="Elektromagnetische_Welle" title="Elektromagnetische Welle">elektromagnetischer Strahlung</a> ist immer dann erlaubt, wenn das Übergangsdipolmoment <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> des Übergangs <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{a}\rightarrow \psi _{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{a}\rightarrow \psi _{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/296620d45586597cc3de131b949e85cd95238c1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.68ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{a}\rightarrow \psi _{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{a\rightarrow b}=\langle \psi _{b}|{\hat {\mu }}|\psi _{a}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{a\rightarrow b}=\langle \psi _{b}|{\hat {\mu }}|\psi _{a}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f39941f5ece74042bc4d18a4762144a23c2b3d7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.521ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{a\rightarrow b}=\langle \psi _{b}|{\hat {\mu }}|\psi _{a}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>nicht verschwindet. Die Gleichung kann für reine Rotationsübergänge, wie sie im Starren Rotator als einzige möglich sind, nach Integration über die vibronischen Funktionsanteilen vereinfacht werden zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{a\rightarrow b}={\text{const.}}\cdot \langle Y_{l,m~b}|{\hat {\mu }}|Y_{l,m~a}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mtext>const.</mtext>
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<mi>Y</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
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<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{a\rightarrow b}={\text{const.}}\cdot \langle Y_{l,m~b}|{\hat {\mu }}|Y_{l,m~a}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b72cde661e92513deeb24050f483ef4a64688183.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.772ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{a\rightarrow b}={\text{const.}}\cdot \langle Y_{l,m~b}|{\hat {\mu }}|Y_{l,m~a}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hieraus folgt, dass Rotationsübergänge durch elektromagnetische Strahlung nur bei Molekülen mit einem permanenten Dipolmoment erlaubt sind, also Molekülen, bei denen das Integral <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle Y_{l,m~b}|{\hat {\mu }}|Y_{l,m~a}\rangle }">
<semantics>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle Y_{l,m~b}|{\hat {\mu }}|Y_{l,m~a}\rangle }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ade01122d019bc70789b478298ab33de4f1cf4b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.187ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle Y_{l,m~b}|{\hat {\mu }}|Y_{l,m~a}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> nicht verschwindet. Die hiernach erlaubten Übergänge treten für Funktionen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{l,m~b}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{l,m~b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da9b0ee459f4cdd215b69ee504db213e508d2e82.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.259ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{l,m~b}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit gegenüber <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{l,m~a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>a</mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{l,m~a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c304f41b38c9b9ef04aa19d41c03dbc7a8030b4b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.423ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{l,m~a}}" loading="lazy"></span> um
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta m=0~~~\Delta l=\pm 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta m=0~~~\Delta l=\pm 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be6907c8c194a8d11bcf680858bea555cc1f43fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:18.677ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta m=0~~~\Delta l=\pm 1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>geänderten Quantenzahlen auf, was den Änderungen der Rotationsquantenzahlen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta K=0~~~\Delta J=\pm 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta K=0~~~\Delta J=\pm 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bd4f94e3b5a402f5eec42b5b57a196e445aa036.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:19.481ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta K=0~~~\Delta J=\pm 1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>entspricht. Diese Regeln werden als Auswahlregeln bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Gerd_Wedler" title="Gerd Wedler">Gerd Wedler</a>, Hans-Joachim Freud: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lehrbuch der Physikalischen Chemie</cite>. 6. Auflage. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2013, ISBN 978-3-527-32909-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>532–540</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Starrer+Rotator&amp;rft.au=Gerd+Wedler%2C+Hans-Joachim+Freud&amp;rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Physikalischen+Chemie&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783527329090&amp;rft.pages=532-540&amp;rft.place=Weinheim&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Peter_Atkins_(Chemiker)" title="Peter Atkins (Chemiker)">Peter Atkins</a>, Julio de Paula: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Chemistry</cite>. 10. Auflage. Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-4292-9019-7, 12B–12C, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>488–498</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Starrer+Rotator&amp;rft.atitle=12B-12C&amp;rft.au=Peter+Atkins%2C+Julio+de+Paula&amp;rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.edition=10&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9781429290197&amp;rft.pages=488-498&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Kurt W. Kolasinski: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical chemistry</cite>. 1. Auflage. Wiley, New York 2017, ISBN 978-1-118-75112-1, 25.2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>604–608</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Starrer+Rotator&amp;rft.atitle=25.2&amp;rft.au=Kurt+W.+Kolasinski&amp;rft.btitle=Physical+chemistry&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9781118751121&amp;rft.pages=604-608&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.&nbsp;D. Jarvis, L.&nbsp;A. Yates: <cite style="font-style:italic">The molecular asymmetric rigid rotor Hamiltonian as an exactly solvable model</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecular Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>106</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>7</span>, 2008, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00268970802050394">10.1080/00268970802050394</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.2562">0803.2562</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Starrer+Rotator&amp;rft.atitle=The+molecular+asymmetric+rigid+rotor+Hamiltonian+as+an+exactly+solvable+model&amp;rft.au=P.+D.+Jarvis%2C+L.+A.+Yates&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.doi=10.1080%2F00268970802050394&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Physics&amp;rft.volume=106" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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